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Typographical symbol (@)

@
At sign
In Unicode	U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (HTML@· @)
Related
Encounter also	U+FF20 ＠ FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT (HTML＠) U+FE6B ﹫ Modest COMMERCIAL AT (HTML﹫)

The at sign, @ , is usually read aloud as "at"; it is also ordinarily chosen the at symbol, commercial at, or accost sign. It is used every bit an accounting and invoice abridgement meaning "at a rate of" (due east.thousand. vii widgets @ £2 per widget = £xiv),^[1] only information technology is now seen more than widely in email addresses and social media platform handles.

The absence of a single English language word for the symbol has prompted some writers to employ the French arobase ^[2] or Spanish and Portuguese arroba, or to coin new words such as ampersat ^[three] and asperand,^[4] or the (visual) onomatopoeia strudel,^[five] but none of these have achieved wide use.

Although non included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, it was on at least one 1889 model^[6] and the very successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It started to be used in email addresses in the 1970s, and is now routinely included on most types of computer keyboards.

History [edit]

@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Relate (c. 1345).

@ used to signify French " à " ("at") from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish courtroom ( Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat )

The earliest nevertheless discovered symbol in this shape is found in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345. Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library, it features the @ symbol in place of the capital alpha "Α" every bit an initial in the word Amen, however, the reason backside information technology being used in this context is still unknown. The development of the symbol as used today is not recorded.

Whatsoever the origin of the @ symbol, the history of its usage is better known: it has long been used in Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of measurement of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived from the Arabic expression of "the quarter" ( الربع pronounced ar-rubʿ).^[8] An Italian academic, Giorgio Stabile, claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May 4, 1536.^[9] The document is virtually commerce with Pizarro, in particular the toll of an @ of wine in Republic of peru. Currently, the word arroba means both the at-symbol and a unit of weight. In Venetian, the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora ( anfora ), a unit of measurement of weight and book based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar since the 6th century.

Until now the first historical document containing a symbol resembling an @ equally a commercial ane is the Spanish "Taula de Ariza", a registry to announce a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon in 1448; fifty-fifty though the oldest fully developed modern @ sign is the one plant on the above-mentioned Florentine letter.^[9]

Modern employ [edit]

Commercial usage [edit]

In gimmicky English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, meaning at and at the rate of or at the price of. It has rarely been used in financial ledgers, and is non used in standard typography.^[10]

Trademark [edit]

In 2012, "@" was registered as a trademark with the German Patent and Merchandise Mark Office.^[11] A cancellation asking was filed in 2013, and the cancellation was ultimately confirmed by the High german Federal Patent Court in 2017.^[12]

Email addresses [edit]

A mutual contemporary utilise of @ is in email addresses (using the SMTP organization), equally in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at the domain example.com). Ray Tomlinson of BBN Technologies is credited for having introduced this usage in 1971.^{[iv] [xiii]} This idea of the symbol representing located at in the grade user@host is too seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell command ssh jdoe@example.internet tries to constitute an ssh connectedness to the computer with the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.

On web pages, organizations frequently obscure electronic mail addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @. This practice, known as address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that scan the net for them.

[edit]

On some social media platforms and forums, usernames are in the form @johndoe; this type of username is oftentimes referred to as a "handle".

On online forums without threaded discussions, @ is commonly used to denote a respond; for case: @Jane to respond to a annotate Jane fabricated before. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email letters originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, simply in the body of the e-mail, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line @Keirsten to indicate to Keirsten that the following judgement concerns her. This also helps with mobile email users who might not come across assuming or color in electronic mail.

In microblogging (such as on Twitter and GNU social-based microblogs), an @ before the user proper noun is used to transport publicly readable replies (due east.g. @otheruser: Bulletin text hither). The blog and client software can automatically interpret these as links to the user in question. When included as part of a person'southward or company'south contact details, an @ symbol followed past a name is normally understood to refer to a Twitter handle. A similar use of the @ symbol was also fabricated available to Facebook users on September xv, 2009.^[xiv] In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown earlier users' nicknames to announce they take operator status on a channel.

Sports usage [edit]

In American English the @ tin can be used to add information about a sporting upshot. Where opposing sports teams have their names separated past a "five" (for versus), the away squad tin be written first – and the normal "v" replaced with @ to convey at which team'south home field the game will be played.^[15] This usage is not followed in British English, since conventionally the home team is written kickoff.

Figurer languages [edit]

@ is used in diverse programming languages and other computer languages, although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:

• In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to change the lower spring of an array. For example: arrayx[@88] refers to an array starting at index 88.
• In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal every bit a string prefix to identify attributes in contrast to child elements.
• In the ASP.Internet MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character denotes the start of code argument blocks or the start of text content.^{[16] [17]}
• In Dyalog APL, @ is used as a functional style to change or replace data at specific locations in an array.
• In CSS, @ is used in special statements outside of a CSS block.^[18]
• In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.^[19] As a prefix it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers,^[20] a form of stropping.
• In D, it denotes function attributes: similar: @safe, @nogc, user defined @('from_user') which tin can exist evaluated at compile time (with __traits) or @belongings to declare backdrop, which are functions that can be syntactically treated as if they were fields or variables.^[21]
• In DIGITAL Command Language, the @ graphic symbol was the control used to execute a command procedure. To run the command procedure VMSINSTAL.COM, one would type @VMSINSTAL at the command prompt.
• In Forth, it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack. The operator is pronounced as "fetch".
• In Haskell, it is used in so-chosen as-patterns. This notation tin be used to requite aliases to patterns, making them more than readable.
• in HTML, information technology tin be encoded every bit @ ^[22]
• In J, denotes function limerick.
• In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since version 5.0.^[23]
• In LiveCode, it is prefixed to a parameter to indicate that the parameter is passed by reference.
• In an LXDE autostart file (as used, for example, on the Raspberry Pi computer), @ is prefixed to a control to indicate that the command should be automatically re-executed if information technology crashes.^[24]
• In ML, information technology denotes listing concatenation.
• In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the bodily world (the globe we are "at").
• In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as @implementation and to course string literals.
• In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a variable is found).
• In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays @array, including array slices @array[two..five,7,9] and hash slices @hash { 'foo' , 'bar' , 'baz' } or @hash { qw(foo bar baz) } . This use is known as a sigil.
• In PHP, it is used only before an expression to make the interpreter suppress errors that would exist generated from that expression.^[25]
• In Python ii.4 and upwards, it is used to decorate a role (wrap the function in some other one at creation time). In Python 3.v and up, it is too used as an overloadable matrix multiplication operator.^[26]
• In Razor, information technology is used for C# code blocks.^[27]
• In Reddish, it functions as a sigil: @ prefixes case variables, and @@ prefixes class variables.^[28]
• In Scala, it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.^[29]
• In Swift, @ prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or members. Annotations tell the compiler to use special semantics to the declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language.
• In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables and @@ prefixes "niladic" system functions.
• In several xBase-blazon programming languages, similar DBASE, FoxPro/Visual FoxPro and Clipper, information technology is used to announce position on the screen. For example: @1,1 SAY "HELLO" to show the word "Hello" in line i, column 1.
  • In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit pass by reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (but it is not an address operator).^[30]
• In a Windows Batch file, an @ at the start of a line suppresses the echoing of that command. In other words, is the same every bit ECHO OFF practical to the current line only. Normally a Windows control is executed and takes effect from the adjacent line onward, only @ is a rare example of a command that takes issue immediately. It is most commonly used in the form @repeat off which not only switches off echoing merely prevents the command line itself from being echoed.^{[31] [32]}
• In Windows PowerShell, @ is used every bit array operator for array and hash table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.^[33]
• In the Domain Name System (DNS), @ is used to represent the $ORIGIN, typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex: wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)
• In assembly linguistic communication, @ is sometimes used equally a dereference operator.^[34]

Gender neutrality in Castilian [edit]

Protester with banner showing "La revolución está en nosotr@s"

In Spanish, where many words stop in "-o" when in the masculine gender and end "-a" in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the default "o" ending.^[35] For case, the word amigos traditionally represents not but male friends, but also a mixed grouping, or where the genders are non known. The proponents of gender-inclusive linguistic communication would supervene upon it with amig@due south in these latter two cases, and use amigos only when the group referred to is all-male and amigas but when the grouping is all female. The Real Academia Española disapproves of this usage.^[36]

Other uses and meanings [edit]

10-SAMPA uses an @ as a substitute for ə, which information technology resembles in some fonts.

• In (especially English language) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to draw the weather condition under which data are valid or a measurement has been made. E.m. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g/cm³ @ 15 °C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0.150 g/L @ 20 °C, 1 bar, or noise of a auto 81 dB @ eighty km/h (speed).^[37]
• In philosophical logic, '@' is used to denote the actual world (in contrast to non-bodily possible worlds).^{[ citation needed ]} Analogously, a 'designated' world in a Kripke model may exist labelled '@'.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.^[38] For instance, La@C₆₀ ways lanthanum within a fullerene cage. See article Endohedral fullerene for details.
• In Malagasy, @ is an breezy abbreviation for the prepositional class amin'ny.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In Malay, @ is an breezy abbreviation for the word "atau", pregnant "or" in English language.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• In genetics, @ is the abridgement for locus, as in IGL@ for immunoglobulin lambda locus.^[39]
• In the Koalib language of Sudan, @ is used as a letter of the alphabet in Standard arabic loanwords. The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode information technology separately every bit a letter in Unicode. SIL International uses Private Utilise Surface area lawmaking points U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions, although they have marked this PUA representation equally deprecated since September 2014.^[40]
• A schwa, as the actual schwa grapheme "ə" may be difficult to produce on many computers. It is used in this capacity in some ASCII IPA schemes, including SAMPA and X-SAMPA.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In leet it may substitute for the letter "A".^{[ commendation needed ]}
• It is frequently used in typing and text messaging equally an abridgement for "at".^{[41] [37]}
• In Portugal information technology may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning "french kiss" (linguado).^{[ citation needed ]}
• In online soapbox, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the traditional circle-A.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• Algebraic note for the Crazyhouse chess variant: An @ between a piece and a square denotes a piece dropped onto that square from the player's reserve.^[42]

Names in other languages [edit]

In many languages other than English, although about typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those languages as denoting "the Net", computerization, or modernization in general. Naming the symbol later animals is likewise mutual.

• In Afrikaans, it is called aapstert , meaning 'monkey tail', similarly to the Dutch use of the word (aap is the word for 'monkey' or 'ape' in Dutch, stert comes from the Dutch staart).
• In Arabic, information technology is آتْ ( at ).
• In Armenian, it is շնիկ ( shnik ), which means 'puppy'.
• In Azerbaijani, information technology is ət ( at ) which means 'meat', though well-nigh likely it is a phonetic transliteration of at.
• In Basque, information technology is a bildua ('wrapped A').
• In Belarusian, it is called сьлімак ( sʹlimak , meaning 'helix' or 'snail').
• In Bosnian, it is ludo a ('crazy A').
• In Bulgarian, it is called кльомба ( klyomba – 'a badly written letter'), маймунско а ( maymunsko a – 'monkey A'), маймунка ( maimunka – 'piddling monkey'), or баница ( banitsa - a pastry roll often made in a shape similar to the character)
• In Catalan, it is called arrova (a unit of measurement of mensurate) or ensaïmada (a Mallorcan pastry, because of the like shape of this food).
• In Chinese:
  • In china, it used to exist called 圈A (pronounced quān A ), meaning 'circled A' / 'enclosed A', or 花A (pronounced huā A ), meaning 'lacy A', and sometimes as 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'piddling mouse'.^[43] Nowadays, for virtually of China's youth, it is called 艾特 (pronounced ài tè ), which is the phonetic transcription from at.
  • In Taiwan, it is 小老鼠 (pronounced xiǎo lǎoshǔ ), meaning 'little mouse'.
  • In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at.
• In Croatian, it is most often referred to by the English language give-and-take at (pronounced et), and less commonly and more formally, with the preposition pri (with the addressee in the nominative example, not locative equally per usual rection of pri ), meaning 'at', ' chez ' or 'by'. Informally, it is called a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English language give-and-take monkey. Note that the Croatian words for monkey, majmun, opica, jopec , šimija are not used to denote the symbol, except seldom the latter words regionally.
• In Czech it is called zavináč, which means 'rollmops'; the same word is used in Slovak.
• In Danish, information technology is snabel-a ('elephant'due south body A'). It is non used for prices, where in Danish à means 'at (per piece)'.
• In Dutch, information technology is called apenstaart ('monkey'southward tail'). The a is the first character of the Dutch give-and-take aap which means 'monkey' or 'ape'; apen is the plural of aap . However, the employ of the English at has become increasingly popular in Dutch.
• In Esperanto, it is chosen ĉe-signo ('at' – for the e-mail use, with an accost like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced zamenhof ĉe esperanto punkto org ), po-signo ('each' – refers simply to the mathematical apply), or heliko (pregnant 'snail').
• In Estonian, information technology is chosen ätt , from the English word at.
• In Faroese, information technology is kurla, hjá ('at'), tranta , or snápil-a ('[elephant's] trunk A').
• In Finnish, it was originally chosen taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikköhinnan merkki ("unit price sign"), only these names are long obsolete and now rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially ät-merkki, co-ordinate to the national standardization found SFS; frequently also spelled at-merkki . Other names include kissanhäntä ('cat's tail') and miuku mauku ('miaow-meow').
• In French, it is now officially the arobase ^{[44] [45]} (too spelled arrobase or arrobe), or a commercial (though this is virtually commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should usually merely exist used when quoting prices; it should e'er be called arobase or, ameliorate yet, arobas when in an email address). Its origin is the same every bit that of the Spanish word, which could be derived from the Arabic ar-roub (‏اَلرُّبْع‎). In France, it is too common (peculiarly for younger generations) to say the English language give-and-take at when spelling out an electronic mail accost.^{[ commendation needed ]} In everyday Québec French, 1 often hears a commercial when sounding out an eastward-mail service address, while TV and radio hosts are more than probable to use arobase .
• In Georgian, it is at , spelled ეთ–ი (კომერციული ეთ–ი, ḳomerciuli et-i ).
• In German, information technology has sometimes been referred to as Klammeraffe (meaning 'spider monkey') or Affenschwanz (significant 'monkeys tail'). Klammeraffe or Affenschwanz refer to the similarity of @ to the tail of a monkey^{[46] [ better source needed ]} grabbing a branch. More recently, it is commonly referred to as at , every bit in English.
• In Greek, it is chosen παπάκι significant 'duckling'.
• In Greenlandic, an Inuit language, information technology is chosen aajusaq meaning 'A-like' or 'something that looks like A'.
• In Hebrew, information technology is colloquially known every bit שְׁטְרוּדֶל ( shtrúdel ), due to the visual resemblance to a cross-department cut of a strudel cake. The normative term, invented by the University of the Hebrew Language, is כְּרוּכִית ( krukhít ), which is another Hebrew word for 'strudel', just is rarely used.
• In Hindi, it is at , from the English language discussion.
• In Hungarian, it is called kukac (a playful synonym for 'worm' or 'maggot').
• In Icelandic, it is referred to equally atmerkið ("the at sign") or hjá, which is a direct translation of the English word at.
• In Indian English, speakers often say at the rate of (with email addresses quoted as "case at the rate of example.com").^{[ citation needed ]}
• In Indonesian, it is commonly et . Variations exist – especially if verbal advice is very noisy – such every bit a bundar and a bulat (both meaning 'circled A'), a keong ('snail A'), and (almost rarely) a monyet ('monkey A').
• In Irish, it is ag (pregnant 'at') or comhartha @/ag (meaning 'at sign').
• In Italian, it is chiocciola ('snail') or a commerciale, sometimes at (pronounced more often [ˈɛt] and rarely [ˈat]) or ad.
• In Japanese, it is called atto māku (アットマーク, from the English language words at marker). The word is wasei-eigo , a loan word from the English language.
• In Kazakh, it is officially called айқұлақ ( aıqulaq , 'moon's ear').
• In Korean, information technology is called golbaeng-i ( 골뱅이 , significant 'bai meridian shells'), a dialectal form of whelk.
• In Kurdish, information technology is at or et (Latin Hawar script), ئهت (Perso-Arabic Sorani script) coming from the English give-and-take at.
• In Latvian, information technology is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in Latvian [æ] is written as "e" (not "a" as in English), it is sometimes written as et .
• In Lithuanian, it is pronounced eta (equivalent to the English at).
• In Luxembourgian it used to be chosen Afeschwanz ('monkey tail'), but due to widespread use, information technology is at present called at , as in English.
• In Macedonian, information technology is called мајмунче ( majmunče , [ˈmajmuntʃɛ], 'little monkey').
• In Malay, information technology is chosen alias when it is used in names and di when it is used in electronic mail addresses, di existence the Malay give-and-take for 'at'. It is also commonly used to abbreviate atau which ways 'or', 'either'.
• In Morse code, it is known as a "commat", consisting of the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character:   ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄. The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,^[47] the only official change to Morse code since World War I.
• In Nepali, the symbol is chosen "at the rate." Commonly, people will give their email addresses by including the phrase "at the rate".^{[ citation needed ]}
• In Norwegian, information technology is officially called krøllalfa ('curly blastoff' or 'blastoff twirl'), and commonly equally alfakrøll . Sometimes snabel-a , the Swedish/Danish proper name (which means 'trunk A', every bit in 'elephant's trunk'), is used. Ordinarily, people volition call the symbol [æt] (as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses.
• In Persian, it is at , from the English word.
• In Polish, it is commonly called małpa ('monkey'). Rarely, the English word at is used.
• In Portuguese, it is chosen arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , ‏اَلرُّبْع‎). The discussion arroba is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. 1 arroba is equivalent to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.7 kg (32 lb), and both the weight and the symbol are called arroba . In Brazil, cattle are still priced past the arroba  – now rounded to 15 kg (33 lb). This naming is because the at sign was used to represent this measure.
• In Romanian, information technology is virtually normally called at , but also colloquially called coadă de maimuță ("monkey tail") or a-rond . The latter is commonly used, and it comes from the word round (from its shape), but that is zero like the mathematical symbol A-rond (rounded A). Others call it aron , or la (Romanaian give-and-take for 'at').

@ on a DVK Soviet reckoner (c.  1984)

• In Russian, it is usually called соба[ч]ка ( soba[ch]ka – '[little] dog').
• In Serbian, it is called лудо А ( ludo A – 'crazy A'), мајмунче ( majmunče – 'little monkey'), or мајмун ( majmun – 'monkey').
• In Slovak, it is called zavináč ('rollmop', a pickled fish roll, as in Czech).
• In Slovene, it is called afna (an breezy discussion for 'monkey').
• In Spanish-speaking countries, information technology is chosen arroba (from the Arabic ar-roub , which denotes a pre-metric unit of measurement of weight. While there are regional variations in Kingdom of spain, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru it is typically considered to represent approximately xi.v kg (25 lb).^{[ citation needed ]}
• In Sámi (North Sámi), it is called bussáseaibi meaning 'cat'southward tail'.
• In Swedish, information technology is called snabel-a ('elephant's trunk A') or but at , as in the English language language. Less formally it is also known as kanelbulle ('cinnamon scroll') or alfakrull ('alpha curl').
• In Swiss German, it is commonly chosen Affenschwanz ('monkey-tail'). Nonetheless, the use of the English word at has become increasingly popular in Swiss German language, as with Standard German.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In Tagalog, the word at means 'and', and so the symbol is used like an ampersand in colloquial writing such every bit text messages (eastward.g. magluto @ kumain , 'cook and eat').
• In Thai, information technology is commonly called at , equally in English.
• In Turkish, it is commonly chosen et , a variant pronunciation of English language at.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In Ukrainian, it is commonly called ет ( et – 'at') or Равлик (ravlyk), which means 'snail'.
• In Urdu, it is اٹ ( at ).
• In Vietnamese, it is called a còng ('bent A') in the north and a móc ('hooked A') in the south.
• In Welsh, information technology is sometimes known as a malwen or malwoden (both meaning "snail").

Unicode [edit]

In Unicode, the at sign is encoded as U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (HTML@· @). The named entity @ was introduced in HTML5.^[48]

Variants [edit]

Grapheme information

Preview	@		＠		﹫
Unicode proper name	COMMERCIAL AT		FULLWIDTH COMMERCIAL AT		SMALL COMMERCIAL AT
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	64	U+0040	65312	U+FF20	65131	U+FE6B
UTF-eight	64	40	239 188 160	EF BC A0	239 185 171	EF B9 AB
Numeric character reference	@	@	＠	＠	﹫	﹫
Named character reference	@
ASCII and extensions	64	twoscore
EBCDIC (037, 500, UTF)[49] [fifty] [51]	124	7C
EBCDIC (1026)[52]	174	AE
Shift JIS[53]	64	40	129 151	81 97
EUC-JP[54]	64	twoscore	161 247	A1 F7
EUC-KR[55] / UHC[56]	64	40	163 192	A3 C0
GB 18030[57]	64	40	163 192	A3 C0	169 136	A9 88
Big5[58]	64	xl	162 73	A2 49	162 78	A2 4E
EUC-TW	64	twoscore	162 233	A2 E9	162 238	A2 EE
LaTeX[59]	\MVAt

See also [edit]

• ASCII
• Circumvolve-A
• Enclosed A (Ⓐ, ⓐ)
• Unicode

References [edit]

1. ^ Come across, for example, Browns Index to Photocomposition Typography (p. 37), Greenwood Publishing, 1983, ISBN 0946824002
2. ^ "Short Cuts" Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Auto, Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. x · 28 May 2009 page xviii, London Review of Books
3. ^ David Bowen (23 October 2011). "$.25 & bytes". The Contained. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. … Tim Gowens offered the highly logical "ampersat" …
4. ^ ^{a b} Jemima Kiss (28 March 2010). "New York's Moma claims @ as a pattern archetype". The Observer. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 14 Dec 2016.
5. ^ "strudel". FOLDOC. Archived from the original on 2014-xi-29. Retrieved 2014-11-21 .
6. ^ "The @-symbol, part 2 of 2" Archived 2014-12-25 at the Wayback Automobile, Shady Characters ⌂ The hush-hush life of punctuation Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine
7. ^ "La arroba no es de Sevilla (ni de Italia)". purnas.com. Jorge Romance. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2009-06-30 .
8. ^ "arroba". Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved three Baronial 2012.
9. ^ ^{a b} Willan, Philip (2000-07-31). "Merchant@Florence Wrote It First 500 Years Ago". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2010-04-25 .
10. ^ Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-four.
11. ^ German Patent and Trademark Office, registration number 302012038338 Archived 2012-eleven-02 at the Wayback Machine.
12. ^ Bundespatentgericht, determination of 22 Feb 2017, no. 26 W (pat) 44/14 (online Archived 2019-03-22 at the Wayback Machine).
13. ^ Ray Tomlinson. "The First Email". BBN Technologies. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06.
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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to At sign.

• commercial-at at the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
• "The Accidental History of the @ Symbol ", Smithsonian magazine, September 2012, Retrieved October 2021.
• The @-symbol, part i, interruption, office 2, addenda, Shady Characters ⌂ The hole-and-corner life of punctuation Baronial 2011, Retrieved June 2013.
• "Daniel Soar on @", London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. 10, 28 May 2009, Retrieved June 2013.
• ascii64 – the @ book – gratis download (creative commons) – by patrik sneyd – foreword by luigi colani) Nov 2006, Retrieved June 2013.
• A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.
• Sum: the @ Symbol, LINGUIST Listing 7.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
• Where it'due south At: names for a mutual symbol World Wide Words August 1996, Retrieved June 2013.
• UK Telegraph Article: Chinese parents choose to proper name their babe "@" August 2007, Retrieved June 2013.
• Tom Chatfield tells the story of the @ sign on Medium
• An amusing video from BBC Ideas ^{[ permanent dead link ]}

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_sign

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